Romania, a country in eastern Europe. A poor nation as over 23% of its total population is affected by poverty. The average income is close to 600 U.S dollars a month. Capitalism in Romania was enforced brutally by the National Salvation Front in January 1990 after the overthrow of the Stalinist dictatorship in what is called the Romanian Revolution. However a close look would show us that although there was a mass movement against the brutal regime of Nicolae Ceaușescu, it was a the pro-capitalist wing of the Romanian Communist Party who led the coup that resulted in the restoration of capitalism. Leaders of this pro-capitalist coup were Ion Iliescu and Dumitru Mazilu!
As we say goodbye to 2019, we look back at 30 years capitalism in Romania. Today the the political parties that came out of the National Salvation Front are rejected by most Romanians. This we see at the low turnout during elections. During the last held election in 2016, only 39.44% of all voters came to vote. It proofs that the established political parties were rejected by a clear majority of voters. One of the most hated is the Social Democratic Party (PSD). This party was born in 2001 after a fusion of the Party of Social Democracy in Romania and the Romanian Social Democratic Party. Although they claim to be leftist, reality has proven that Romanian social democracy is right-wing!
With right-wing we mean supportive of neoliberalism, austerity, the European Union and politics that favor the capitalist class. The Social Democratic Party (PSD) has been the largest political force in Romania since 2001. However due to the low voter turnout it can be said that the actual support for the party is relative low. Most Romanian political parties in the 1990’s had no clear ideology of their own. Most acted as vehicles for capitalist politicians (most who were ex-Stalinist) who need a force to support them. The PSD was the vehicle for Ion Iliescu, who kept a socialist facade after the overthrow of Stalinist tyrant Nicolae Ceaușescu on 21 December 1989!
Ceaușescu was the second tyrant of Stalinist Romania. Installed as leader of the Romanian Communist Party in 1965, his regime was build on nationalism and a extensive cult of personality. Nine years after he rose to power as leader of the communist party, Ceaușescu made himself: President of the Republic. This he may have copied from North Korea. Nicolae Ceaușescu was very impressed by the regime of Kim Il Sung after a state visit. Like the North Korean monarch, the Romanian ”Conducător” (Leader) wanted to be called Mr. President. So the Socialist Republic of Romania became a presidential state in name only. The cult of Ceaușescu was also centered around his wife Elena, who was praised as the “Mother of the Nation”!
The National Salvation Front did not advocate a restoration of capitalism at first in 1989. Nothing was said about the introduction of a market economy in the first declaration of the new government. It can be said the the National Salvation Front took over as ruling party, while the Romanian Communist Party simply disappeared from sight. The new regime was divided however on the issue of capitalism. Dumitru Mazilu was a supporter of full capitalist restoration. He disagreed with Ion Iliescu who wanted to keep the planned economy at first. For Mazilu, socialism (Stalinism in reality) had failed. Like Boris Yeltsin in Russia, Dumitru Mazilu had surrendered himself to the western idea that capitalism had won the Cold War!
Two years after the overthrow of the Romanian Communist Party, Ion Iliescu had converted to third way ”social-democracy” meaning support for privatizations, austerity and deregulation. His supporters split from the National Salvation Front and created the Democratic Salvation Front (renamed Party of Social Democracy in Romania in 93) to serve as his political vehicle. Iliescu won the 1992 election and remained President of Romania. His supporters worked with the nationalist-”communist” Greater Romania Party and Romanian National Unity Party to form the first true capitalist government. The coalition between ex-Stalinist social-democrats with nationalist-communists and right-wing nationalists is responsible for the destruction of the planned economy!
The Greater Romania Party today is a far-right nationalist party that no longer promotes ”national-communism”. But in 1991, the nationalist-Stalinist ideology of Nicolae Ceaușescu was popular among some Romanians, for its nationalism and rejection of capitalism. The Greater Romania Party was founded by none other then Corneliu Vadim Tudor, the “court poet” of Ceaușescu. Tudor is a hardcore nationalist and his views were liked by the late Stalinist dictator. Although no longer a party that promotes opposition to capitalism, the Greater Romania Party defends the nationalist-Stalinist regime. This has little to due with authentic anti-capitalism. Ceaușescu is only praised because he was a nationalist too and downplayed the international ideology of communism!
Support for Stalinist Romania today is high in capitalist Romania. 55% of all workers would like the Socialist Republic of Romania to be restored. This is very painful for the supporters of capitalism. The period 1948-1965 is mostly supported, this was the time of the People’s Republic of Romania under Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, the first Stalinist dictator. Under him, Romania kept their independence and was by no means a puppet of Moscow. The period after 1965 until 1989 receives less support, this is largely due to the austerity cuts enforced by Nicolae Ceaușescu to pay off debts. According to Ceaușescu, Romania had become socialist in 1965, therefore the name of the nation was changed to Socialist Republic of Romania. Although the economy was not in the hands of capitalists, the nation was by means a healthy workers state!
With 23% of the population living in poverty and a larger percentage living on less then 600 U.S dollars a month, it is no surprise that support for Stalinist Romania remains high. Workers who experienced the Stalinist era are not nostalgic about the secret police or the fear of arrests. They want the social security back and a state that (claims) to be working for them. Stalinist Romania build a powerful illusion of working class people in power. Capitalist Romania today is a hell hole with a government working in the interests of the rich and capitalist class. Although 23% of all Romanians live in poverty, another 40% is at risk of it. It shows that capitalism failed, despite the propaganda of the government and media about the wealth of the nation!
Wealth has increased since 1989, Romania is not the most poorest member of the European Union. But this wealth is deeply unfairly divided. The top 20% earn an income that is seven times larger compared to the average 600 U.S dollars a month. 30 years ago the Romanian Revolution ended the kingdom of Nicolae Ceaușescu. However the pro-capitalist wing of his communist party remained in power for at least another 10 years. They renamed themselves social democrats and claimed to be democratic left-wing. In reality we know that they served the Washington Consensus, meaning: market fundamentalism and neoliberalism. This they shared with other Romanian political parties like the National-Liberal Party, a nationalist neoliberal force!
Romania needs a socialist alternative. Those who want a brake with the capitalist establishment however end up with neo-Stalinists like the Romanian Socialist Party (PSR). Founded as the Socialist Party of Labour by Ilie Verdeț a former prime minister of Nicolae Ceaușescu. After his death, the Socialist Party of Labour fused into the Social Democratic Party led by Ion Iliescu. Those who opposed the fusion created the Socialist Alliance Party and remained loyal to ”nationalist-communism”. To honor Ceaușescu, the party wanted to rename themselves into Romanian Communist Party. This was denied by the Bucharest tribunal and so the Romanian Socialist Party (PSR) came into existence!
Revolutionary socialists do not support the PSR for the following reasons:
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The party is reactionary nationalist
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Nostalgia for the brutal Ceausescu regime
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Support for the state-capitalist regime in China
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Opponent of women’s rights
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Hostile to the LGBT community
The PSR is by no means a socialist alternative and their poor results at the elections proof this. Workers do not look at the PSR as a alternative as they do not vote for them in masses. The Committee for a Workers International (Majority) has a section in Romania called: Work Force (Mana de Lucru). This group fights for genuine Marxist socialism which is anti-nationalist and anti-bureaucratic, with no praise for the Ceausescu regime. Nationalism is deeply rooted in Romania, a result of the Stalinist regime and the capitalist ones after 1989. But this has not helped the working class in any way. Nationalism is and remains a poison used to divide workers and to hide the capitalist politics of the ruling class!
Mana de Lucru knows that the Romanian left-wing needs to work together. Capitalism is destroying the lives of millions. 30 years after the fall and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu, nostalgia for the Stalinist regime is at a record high. The ruling class and their politicians look the other way and pretend nothing is wrong. They celebrate the 30th anniversary of the Romanian Revolution with empty talks about ”freedom” and ”democracy”. A workers party is needed to overthrow the capitalist class and build a Romania that is genuine democratic socialist, free from the injustice of the market dictatorship. In 1989, the masses rose up. Their trust in class traitors like Ion Iliescu and Dumitru Mazilu resulted in the capitalist hellhole that is Romania today. Now the time is right to finish what started 30 years ago!
There is more potential for establishing a political alternative in Romania than at any time in the last 30 years of capitalism. In 2019, we witnessed the most significant wave of strikes in decades. Industrial disputes such as that at Astra in Arad, where Romanian and Indian workers joined forces to ask for better wages for all, or the one at Electroaparataj in Targoviste, which lasted for over 3 months, show what huge potential there is. The Romanian working class’ appetite for struggle has increased visibly, and the political left together with the trade union movement need to channel it towards building the only genuine alternative to the status quo – a fighting, mass working class party that can propose a democratic and socialist alternative.
By Vlad B from Mâna de Lucru, the CWI (Majority) in Romania
55% of all Romanians think positively about the Stalinist period (1948-1989)